In-ca-tash-a-pa (translated as Red Elk) was a well-known Snake warrior. The focal point of Miller’s portrait of Red Elk is his sitter’s unique “ornamented bandeau,” enhanced by a rosette with red feathers. Miller wrote that while Red Elk sat for his portrait, he proudly recounted “his many battles and his many cruelties,” expecting to “receive commendation and praise.” (Rough Draughts, 88)
